Effects of proprioceptive training on sports performance: a systematic review

Background Proprioception, the ability to sense the body’s position and movement, is essential for athletic performance and physical well-being. The literature highlights the importance of proprioceptive training in rehabilitation, sports performance, injury prevention, and motor function enhancement. Targeted training programs can improve balance, coordination, motor learning, and overall physical performance. This systematic review aimed to examine the effects of proprioceptive training methods on sports and athletic performance. Methods A comprehensive search was conducted using the Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus databases, and a literature review was performed based on the PICO criteria outlined in the abstract and title. Results Following the search, 178 articles were identified using relevant keywords, of which 19 directly addressed sports performance and were included in this study. The findings revealed that proprioceptive training had a positive influence on various aspects of athletic performance, including physiological capacity, balance, explosive strength, speed, agility, postural stability, knee joint position sense, muscle activation, reduction of chronic joint instability, dribbling, passing, and technical ball-control skills. Conclusions These results indicate that proprioceptive training can be an effective strategy for experts and coaches to enhance athletes’ physical performance. Primarily, proprioceptive exercises should be used inside and outside the training sessions to enable athletes to interact more effectively with their bodies, reduce the risk of injury, and improve power transfer. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13102-024-00936-z.


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Osman ye Korkut Ata Un vers ty
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State the sources that w ll be searched (e.g.Medl ne).G ve the search dates, and any restr ct ons (e.g.language or publ cat on date).Do NOT enter the full search strategy ( t may be prov ded as a l nk or attachment below.) Web of Sc ence, PubMed, and Scopus

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Upload a f le w th your search strategy, or an example of a search strategy for a spec f c database, ( nclud ng the keywords) n pdf or word format.In do ng so you are consent ng to the f le be ng made publ cly access ble.
Or prov de a URL or l nk to the strategy.Do NOT prov de l nks to your search results.
https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPEROFILES/530268_STRATEGY_20240329.pdfDo not make th s f le publ cly ava lable unt l the rev ew s complete 18. * Cond t on or doma n be ng stud ed.
G ve a short descr pt on of the d sease, cond t on or healthcare doma n be ng stud ed n your systemat c rev ew.
Th s study presents a systemat c rev ew of peer-rev ewed sc ent f c art cles nvest gat ng the effects of propr ocept ve tra n ng on athlet c performance character st cs n athletes.

* Part c pants/populat on.
Spec fy the part c pants or populat ons be ng stud ed n the rev ew.The preferred format ncludes deta ls of both nclus on and exclus on cr ter a.
Keywords were grouped nto two d st nct categor es: those des gned to retr eve stud es ut l z ng propr ocept on ntervent on as an exerc se techn que or object ve (encompass ng terms l ke "central stab l zat on," "eyes group exerc se," and "feet group exerc se") and those focused on the balance or njury r sk of propr ocept on ntervent on.Second, the propr ocept on tra n ng's phys olog cal, phys cal, and techn cal ab l ty outcomes nclude dr bbl ng, explos ve power, and strength.Th s study used "propr ocept ve tra n ng" and "propr ocept ve exerc se."

* Intervent on(s), exposure(s).
G ve full and clear descr pt ons or def n t ons of the ntervent ons or the exposures to be rev ewed.The preferred format ncludes deta ls of both nclus on and exclus on cr ter a. Propr ocept on enhances sports performance by allow ng athletes better control and awareness of the r body movements and pos t ons.The role of propr ocept on n mprov ng sports performance s to prov de athletes w th a he ghtened sense of body awareness and control.It allows athletes to make prec se and coord nated movements, adjust the r body pos t ons n response to chang ng demands, and ma nta n opt mal balance and stab l ty.The current systemat c rev ew was conducted us ng standard zed search operators that ncluded the presence of propr ocept ve ntervent on on sports performance or propr ocept ve ntervent on on athlet c performance.

* Comparator(s)/control.
Where relevant, g ve deta ls of the alternat ves aga nst wh ch the ntervent on/exposure w ll be compared (e.g.another ntervent on or a non-exposed control group).The preferred format ncludes deta ls of both nclus on and exclus on cr ter a.
In the art cles ncluded n the research, Propr ocept ve Tra n ng tra n ng appl cat on was compared w th Muscular Strength Group Central Stab l zat on, Funct onal Instab l ty Group, Techn cal Tra n ng Group and Regular Tra n ng Group.
22. * Types of study to be ncluded.
G ve deta ls of the study des gns (e.g.RCT) that are el g ble for nclus on n the rev ew.The preferred format ncludes both nclus on and exclus on cr ter a.If there are no restr ct ons on the types of study, th s should be stated.
Th s study presents a systemat c rev ew of peer-rev ewed sc ent f c art cles nvest gat ng the effects of propr ocept ve tra n ng on athlet c performance character st cs n athletes.The rev ew focused solely on stud es exam n ng the mpact of propr ocept ve ntervent ons or tra n ng on athletes' sports performance, encompass ng funct onal and structural aspects w th n the r research protocols.Only exper mental stud es were ncluded n th s study.No l m ts were placed on the sex, age, sports type, or athlet c level of el g ble art cles.Th s study ncluded only athlet c part c pants.We had art cles that ut l zed appl ed methodolog es to prov de a perspect ve.

Context.
G ve summary deta ls of the sett ng or other relevant character st cs, wh ch help def ne the nclus on or exclus on cr ter a.
Th s systemat c rev ew a ms to evaluate the effect veness of propr ocept ve tra n ng ntervent on type n athletes.

* Ma n outcome(s).
G ve the pre-spec f ed ma n (most mportant) outcomes of the rev ew, nclud ng deta ls of how the outcome s def ned and measured and when these measurement are made, f these are part of the rev ew nclus on cr ter a.
Follow ng the search, 170 art cles were dent f ed us ng relevant keywords, of wh ch 16 d rectly addressed sports performance and were ncluded n th s study.The f nd ngs revealed that propr ocept ve tra n ng had a pos t ve nfluence on var ous aspects of athlet c performance, nclud ng phys olog cal capac ty, balance, explos ve strength, speed, ag l ty, postural stab l ty, knee jo nt pos t on sense, muscle act vat on, reduct on of chron c jo nt nstab l ty, dr bbl ng, pass ng, and techn cal ball-control sk lls.
Measures of effect

* Add t onal outcome(s).
L st the pre-spec f ed add t onal outcomes of the rev ew, w th a s m lar level of deta l to that requ red for ma n outcomes.State wh ch character st cs of the stud es w ll be assessed and/or any formal r sk of b as/qual ty assessment tools that w ll be used.
The qual ty assessment of the ncluded art cles was performed us ng the Testex scale cr ter a. Scores below four were cons dered "poor qual ty," scores between 4 and 7 were cons dered "moderate qual ty," scores between 8 and 11 were cons dered "good qual ty," and scores above 11 were cons dered "excellent qual ty".

* Strategy for data synthes s.
Descr be the methods you plan to use to synthes se data.Th s must not be gener c text but should be spec f c to your rev ew and descr be how the proposed approach w ll be appl ed to your data.
If meta-analys s s planned, descr be the models to be used, methods to explore stat st cal heterogene ty, and software package to be used. None

None 13. * Confl cts of nterest.
Deta ls of the nd v duals, organ zat ons, groups, compan es or other legal ent t es who have funded or sponsored the rev ew.None Dr Osman Yılmaz.Osman ye Korkut Ata Un vers ty, School of Phys cal Educat on and Sports, Osman ye, Turkey Ass stant/Assoc ate Professor Yusuf Soylu.Tokat Gaz osmanpasa Un vers ty, Faculty of Sports Sc ences, Tokat, Turkey

ema l and country must be completed for each person, unless you are amend ng a publ shed record. 15. * Rev ew quest on.
State the rev ew quest on(s) clearly and prec sely.It may be appropr ate to break very broad quest ons down nto a ser es of related more spec f c quest ons.Quest ons may be framed or ref ned us ng PI(E)COS or s m lar where relevant.Does propr ocept ve tra n ng affect sports performance?
Where there are no add t onal outcomes please state 'None' or 'Not appl cable' as appropr ate to the rev ew * Data extract on (select on and cod ng).Descr be how stud es w ll be selected for nclus on.State what data w ll be extracted or obta ned.State how th s w ll be done and recorded.A systemat c rev ew of the l terature was performed follow ng the Preferred Report ng Items for Systemat c Rev ews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) gu del nes.After obta n ng the art cle results from the databases, the t tles and abstracts were exam ned to dent fy art cles related to the keywords.The cr ter a for nclud ng art cles n th s rev ew were determ ned us ng the PICO (Populat on, Intervent on, Compar son, Outcome) approach.29.03.202416:39 PROSPERO https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/#recordDeta ls 5/8 27.* R sk of b as (qual ty) assessment.